After coding RC4, I thought it was time to face a more difficult challenge: DES (Data Encryption Standard). Although it has been replaced by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) more than a decade ago, it still has some appeal to me because it was the first symmetric algorithm I learned (and also because its creation, 40 years ago, was surrounded by mystery). Before fighting the monster, I faced a lighter opponent, S-DES (Simplified DES), to get used to the awkward bit manipulation DES take advantage of. Since S-DES is just a toy cryptographic algorithm, it isn’t worthwhile to spend much time and space writing about it. For this reason, without further ado, this is the DES Python code I wrote:
#!/usr/bin/python3
#
# Author: Joao H de A Franco (jhafranco@acm.org)
#
# Description: DES implementation in Python 3
#
# Note: only single DES in ECB mode (with PKCS5 padding)
# is supported
#
# License: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
# (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
#===========================================================
subKeyList = 16*[[None]*8]
IPtable = (58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4,
62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6,
64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8,
57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1,
59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5,
63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7)
EPtable = (32, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 1)
PFtable = (16, 7, 20, 21, 29, 12, 28, 17,
1, 15, 23, 26, 5, 18, 31, 10,
2, 8, 24, 14, 32, 27, 3, 9,
19, 13, 30, 6, 22, 11, 4, 25)
FPtable = (40, 8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32,
39, 7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31,
38, 6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30,
37, 5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29,
36, 4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28,
35, 3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27,
34, 2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26,
33, 1, 41, 9, 49, 17, 57, 25)
sBox = 8*[64*[0]]
sBox[0] = (14, 4, 13, 1, 2, 15, 11, 8, 3, 10, 6, 12, 5, 9, 0, 7,
0, 15, 7, 4, 14, 2, 13, 1, 10, 6, 12, 11, 9, 5, 3, 8,
4, 1, 14, 8, 13, 6, 2, 11, 15, 12, 9, 7, 3, 10, 5, 0,
15, 12, 8, 2, 4, 9, 1, 7, 5, 11, 3, 14, 10, 0, 6, 13)
sBox[1] = (15, 1, 8, 14, 6, 11, 3, 4, 9, 7, 2, 13, 12, 0, 5, 10,
3, 13, 4, 7, 15, 2, 8, 14, 12, 0, 1, 10, 6, 9, 11, 5,
0, 14, 7, 11, 10, 4, 13, 1, 5, 8, 12, 6, 9, 3, 2, 15,
13, 8, 10, 1, 3, 15, 4, 2, 11, 6, 7, 12, 0, 5, 14, 9)
sBox[2] = (10, 0, 9, 14, 6, 3, 15, 5, 1, 13, 12, 7, 11, 4, 2, 8,
13, 7, 0, 9, 3, 4, 6, 10, 2, 8, 5, 14, 12, 11, 15, 1,
13, 6, 4, 9, 8, 15, 3, 0, 11, 1, 2, 12, 5, 10, 14, 7,
1, 10, 13, 0, 6, 9, 8, 7, 4, 15, 14, 3, 11, 5, 2, 12)
sBox[3] = ( 7, 13, 14, 3, 0, 6, 9, 10, 1, 2, 8, 5, 11, 12, 4, 15,
13, 8, 11, 5, 6, 15, 0, 3, 4, 7, 2, 12, 1, 10, 14, 9,
10, 6, 9, 0, 12, 11, 7, 13, 15, 1, 3, 14, 5, 2, 8, 4,
3, 15, 0, 6, 10, 1, 13, 8, 9, 4, 5, 11, 12, 7, 2, 14)
sBox[4] = ( 2, 12, 4, 1, 7, 10, 11, 6, 8, 5, 3, 15, 13, 0, 14, 9,
14, 11, 2, 12, 4, 7, 13, 1, 5, 0, 15, 10, 3, 9, 8, 6,
4, 2, 1, 11, 10, 13, 7, 8, 15, 9, 12, 5, 6, 3, 0, 14,
11, 8, 12, 7, 1, 14, 2, 13, 6, 15, 0, 9, 10, 4, 5, 3)
sBox[5] = (12, 1, 10, 15, 9, 2, 6, 8, 0, 13, 3, 4, 14, 7, 5, 11,
10, 15, 4, 2, 7, 12, 9, 5, 6, 1, 13, 14, 0, 11, 3, 8,
9, 14, 15, 5, 2, 8, 12, 3, 7, 0, 4, 10, 1, 13, 11, 6,
4, 3, 2, 12, 9, 5, 15, 10, 11, 14, 1, 7, 6, 0, 8, 13)
sBox[6] = ( 4, 11, 2, 14, 15, 0, 8, 13, 3, 12, 9, 7, 5, 10, 6, 1,
13, 0, 11, 7, 4, 9, 1, 10, 14, 3, 5, 12, 2, 15, 8, 6,
1, 4, 11, 13, 12, 3, 7, 14, 10, 15, 6, 8, 0, 5, 9, 2,
6, 11, 13, 8, 1, 4, 10, 7, 9, 5, 0, 15, 14, 2, 3, 12)
sBox[7] = (13, 2, 8, 4, 6, 15, 11, 1, 10, 9, 3, 14, 5, 0, 12, 7,
1, 15, 13, 8, 10, 3, 7, 4, 12, 5, 6, 11, 0, 14, 9, 2,
7, 11, 4, 1, 9, 12, 14, 2, 0, 6, 10, 13, 15, 3, 5, 8,
2, 1, 14, 7, 4, 10, 8, 13, 15, 12, 9, 0, 3, 5, 6, 11)
def bit2Byte(bitList):
"""Convert bit list into a byte list"""
return [int("".join(map(str,bitList[i*8:i*8+8])),2) for i in range(len(bitList)//8)]
def byte2Bit(byteList):
"""Convert byte list into a bit list"""
return [(byteList[i//8]>>(7-(i%8)))&0x01 for i in range(8*len(byteList))]
def permBitList(inputBitList,permTable):
"""Permute input bit list according to input permutation table"""
return [inputBitList[e - 1] for e in permTable]
def permByteList(inByteList,permTable):
"""Permute input byte list according to input permutation table"""
outByteList = (len(permTable)>>3)*[0]
for index,elem in enumerate(permTable):
i = index%8
e = (elem-1)%8
if i>=e:
outByteList[index>>3] |= \
(inByteList[(elem-1)>>3]&(128>>e))>>(i-e)
else:
outByteList[index>>3] |= \
(inByteList[(elem-1)>>3]&(128>>e))<<(e-i)
return outByteList
def getIndex(inBitList):
"""Permute bits to properly index the S-boxes"""
return (inBitList[0]<<5)+(inBitList[1]<<3)+ \
(inBitList[2]<<2)+(inBitList[3]<<1)+ \
(inBitList[4]<<0)+(inBitList[5]<<4)
def padData(string):
"""Add PKCS5 padding to plaintext"""
padLength = 8-(len(string)%8)
return [ord(s) for s in string]+padLength*[padLength]
def unpadData(byteList):
"""Remove PKCS5 padding from plaintext"""
return "".join(chr(e) for e in byteList[:-byteList[-1]])
def setKey(keyByteList):
"""Generate all sixteen round subkeys"""
PC1table = (57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9,
1, 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18,
10, 2, 59, 51, 43, 35, 27,
19, 11, 3, 60, 52, 44, 36,
63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15,
7, 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22,
14, 6, 61, 53, 45, 37, 29,
21, 13, 5, 28, 20, 12, 4)
PC2table= (14, 17, 11, 24, 1, 5, 3, 28,
15, 6, 21, 10, 23, 19, 12, 4,
26, 8, 16, 7, 27, 20, 13, 2,
41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55, 30, 40,
51, 45, 33, 48, 44, 49, 39, 56,
34, 53, 46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32)
def leftShift(inKeyBitList,round):
"""Perform one (or two) circular left shift(s) on key"""
LStable = (1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1)
outKeyBitList = 56*[0]
if LStable[round] == 2:
outKeyBitList[:26] = inKeyBitList[2:28]
outKeyBitList[26] = inKeyBitList[0]
outKeyBitList[27] = inKeyBitList[1]
outKeyBitList[28:54] = inKeyBitList[30:]
outKeyBitList[54] = inKeyBitList[28]
outKeyBitList[55] = inKeyBitList[29]
else:
outKeyBitList[:27] = inKeyBitList[1:28]
outKeyBitList[27] = inKeyBitList[0]
outKeyBitList[28:55] = inKeyBitList[29:]
outKeyBitList[55] = inKeyBitList[28]
return outKeyBitList
permKeyBitList = permBitList(byte2Bit(keyByteList),PC1table)
for round in range(16):
auxBitList = leftShift(permKeyBitList,round)
subKeyList[round] = bit2Byte(permBitList(auxBitList,PC2table))
permKeyBitList = auxBitList
def encryptBlock(inputBlock):
"""Encrypt an 8-byte block with already defined key"""
inputData = permByteList(inputBlock,IPtable)
leftPart,rightPart = inputData[:4],inputData[4:]
for round in range(16):
expRightPart = permByteList(rightPart,EPtable)
key = subKeyList[round]
indexList = byte2Bit([i^j for i,j in zip(key,expRightPart)])
sBoxOutput = 4*[0]
for nBox in range(4):
nBox12 = 12*nBox
leftIndex = getIndex(indexList[nBox12:nBox12+6])
rightIndex = getIndex(indexList[nBox12+6:nBox12+12])
sBoxOutput[nBox] = (sBox[nBox<<1][leftIndex]<<4)+ \
sBox[(nBox<<1)+1][rightIndex]
aux = permByteList(sBoxOutput,PFtable)
newRightPart = [i^j for i,j in zip(aux,leftPart)]
leftPart = rightPart
rightPart = newRightPart
return permByteList(rightPart+leftPart,FPtable)
def decryptBlock(inputBlock):
"""Decrypt an 8-byte block with already defined key"""
inputData = permByteList(inputBlock,IPtable)
leftPart,rightPart = inputData[:4],inputData[4:]
for round in range(16):
expRightPart = permByteList(rightPart,EPtable)
key = subKeyList[15-round]
indexList = byte2Bit([i^j for i,j in zip(key,expRightPart)])
sBoxOutput = 4*[0]
for nBox in range(4):
nBox12 = 12*nBox
leftIndex = getIndex(indexList[nBox12:nBox12+6])
rightIndex = getIndex(indexList[nBox12+6:nBox12+12])
sBoxOutput[nBox] = (sBox[nBox*2][leftIndex]<<4)+ \
sBox[nBox*2+1][rightIndex]
aux = permByteList(sBoxOutput,PFtable)
newRightPart = [i^j for i,j in zip(aux,leftPart)]
leftPart = rightPart
rightPart = newRightPart
return permByteList(rightPart+leftPart,FPtable)
def encrypt(key, inString):
"""Encrypt plaintext with given key"""
setKey(key)
inByteList,outByteList = padData(inString),[]
for i in range(0,len(inByteList),8):
outByteList += encryptBlock(inByteList[i:i+8])
return outByteList
def decrypt(key, inByteList):
"""Decrypt ciphertext with given key"""
setKey(key)
outByteList = []
for i in range(0,len(inByteList),8):
outByteList += decryptBlock(inByteList[i:i+8])
return unpadData(outByteList)
To verify this DES implementation, I also wrote a separate Python module (shown below) containing an interesting algorithm proposed by Ron Rivest a long time ago (1985) in the paper Testing Implementation of DES. I also added a simple multi-block test.
import sys
from pyDES import setKey, encryptBlock, decryptBlock, encrypt, decrypt
def sanityCheck1():
"""Tests single-block DES encryption & decryption
using algorithm proposed by Ronald Rivest
(http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Destest.txt)"""
x0 = [0x94, 0x74, 0xb8, 0xe8, 0xc7, 0x3b, 0xca, 0x7d]
x16 = [0x1b, 0x1a, 0x2d, 0xdb, 0x4c, 0x64, 0x24, 0x38]
x = x0
for i in range(16):
setKey(x)
if i % 2 == 0:
x = encryptBlock(x) # if i is even, x[i+1] = E(x[i], x[i)
else:
x = decryptBlock(x) # if i is odd, x[i+1] = D(x[i], x[i)
try:
assert x == x16
except AssertionError:
return False
return True
def sanityCheck2():
"""Tests multi-block DES encryption and decryption"""
try:
key = [0x0f, 0x15, 0x71, 0xc9, 0x47, 0xd9, 0xe8, 0x59]
plaintext = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
ciphertext = encrypt(key, plaintext)
assert decrypt(key, ciphertext) == plaintext
except AssertionError:
return False
return True
def main():
if sanityCheck1() and sanityCheck2():
print("All DES tests ok!")
else:
sys.exit(1)
sys.exit()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
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